تعريف

Emphysema is a long-term disease of the lungs. It is a problem with the tiny air sacs that make up the lungs. These tiny elastic sacs should stretch to fill with air and then get smaller as air moves out of the lungs. Emphysema is caused by the destruction of these air sacs. This makes it difficult to move air in and out of the lungs.

Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

انتفاخ الرئة

أسباب

Emphysema is caused by damage to the air sacs of the lung. This damage may be caused by:

  • التدخين
  • استنشاق السموم أو المهيجات الأخرى
  • Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD)—a genetic defect which can cause emphysema at an early age

عوامل الخطر

Emphysema is more common in people over 40 years old. Other factors that may increase your risk of emphysema include:

  • التدخين
  • Long-term secondhand or passive smoke exposure
  • Family members with emphysema
  • Exposure to pollutants at work
  • تاريخ من التهابات الرئة المتكررة في مرحلة الطفولة

الأعراض

Early symptoms include:

  • يسعل
  • Increased sputum production (mucus from deep in the lungs)
  • الصفير
  • ضيق في التنفس مع النشاط

As the disease progresses, you may have:

  • Increased shortness of breath.
  • Rapid breathing.
  • Choking sensation when lying flat. You may need to prop up with pillows or sleep in a chair.
  • تعب.
  • Trouble concentrating.
  • Barrel chest, which is an increase in chest size.
  • Increased risk of serious lung infections.
  • Heart problems.
  • Coughing up thick and/or bloody mucus.
  • فقدان الوزن.
  • Breathing through pursed lips.
  • Desire to lean forward to improve breathing.
  • More frequent flare-ups, which are periods of more severe symptoms.

التشخيص

سوف يسألك الطبيب عن الأعراض والتاريخ الطبي. اختبار فيزياء سوف يتم.

Your doctor will need to test how impaired your lungs may be. This may be done with:

  • Lung function tests, called spirometry—to test the force of your breath
  • Arterial blood gas test—to test oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood

Your doctor may also need detailed pictures of your lungs. This may be done with:

  • الأشعة السينية الصدر
  • الاشعة المقطعية

العلاج

There is no cure for emphysema. Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving your quality of life. .

خيارات العلاج may include one or more of the following:

الإقلاع عن التدخين

Quitting smoking slows the disease. It the most important part of treatment. There are many programs to help you quit including:

  • Behavior change program
  • الدواء
  • Combination of behavior program and medication

Environmental Management

Limit the number of irritants in the air you breathe. It may help make breathing easier. Avoid smoke, dust, smog, extreme heat or cold, and high altitudes.

الدواء

Medication for emphysema may help by:

  • فتح الشعب الهوائية
  • استرخاء ممرات التنفس
  • Decreasing swelling
  • Treating lung infections with antibiotics

يمكن تناول بعض الأدوية على شكل أقراص أو سوائل. البعض الآخر عبارة عن دواء يتم استنشاقه يتم توصيله مباشرة إلى الرئتين.

اللقاحات

The flu and pneumonia can make your symptoms worse. Get vaccinated againstpneumonia and the flu. The flu vaccine may also reduce flare-ups.

الأكسجين

Oxygen therapy may be helpful if the oxygen levels in your blood are too low. It can relieve trouble breathing and improve energy. You may only need it for specific activities or it may be given throughout the day.

Exercise

يمكن أن تقوي التمارين الخاصة عضلات الصدر. هذا يمكن أن يجعل التنفس أسهل.

Regular physical activity can reduce the workload on your lungs by building you endurance. Physical activity is also associated with improved quality of life. Follow your doctor’s recommendations for activity levels and restrictions.

تقنيات التنفس والسعال

Special methods of breathing can help bring more air into the lungs. They can also help force trapped air out of the lungs. Effective coughing techniques can also help clear mucus from your lungs. Ask your doctor if these techniques can help you. Some examples include:

  • ملاحقة التنفس بالشفاه
  • تقنية التحكم في السعال

تَغذِيَة

Eating habits to consider with emphysema:

  • تناول نظام غذائي صحي. يجب أن تكون منخفضة في الدهون المشبعة. It should also be rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods.
  • Maintain a normal weight. Excess weight causes the lungs and heart to work harder.
  • It may be hard to eat because you feel full. Try eating several smaller meals during the day instead of a few large meals.
  • Slow down your eating pace. This will make it easier to breathe.
  • If you need to يزداد وزن, add food or drinks throughout the day. Talk to a dietitian about how many calories you need each day.

تغيير نمط الحياة

The following may help you manage emphysema symptoms:

  • نظم أنشطتك.
  • تعلم تقنيات الاسترخاء وطرق أخرى لإدارة التوتر.
  • Seek emotional support from professionals, family, and friends. Anxiety can increase your breathing rate.

جراحة

A small number of people may benefit from surgery. Surgery options include removing a part of the lung or a lung transplant.

الوقاية

To reduce your chance of getting emphysema, take these steps:

  • If you smoke, quit
  • Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke
  • Avoid exposure to تلوث الهواء or irritants
  • Wear protective gear if exposed to irritants or toxins at work

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