परिभाषा

Cirrhosis is a disease in which the liver becomes permanently damaged and the normal structure of the liver is changed. Healthy liver cells are replaced by scarred tissue. The liver is not able to do its normal functions, such as detoxifying harmful substances, purifying blood, and making vital nutrients. In addition, scarring slows down the normal flow of blood through the liver, causing blood to find alternate pathways. This may result in bleeding blood vessels known as gastric or esophageal varices.

सिरोसिस

का कारण बनता है

Causes of cirrhosis include:

  • Excessive consumption of alcohol
  • Hepatitis C, B, and D
  • Autoimmune hepatitis
  • Inherited diseases:
    • Glycogen storage disease
    • गैलेक्टोसिमिया
    • Fructose intolerance
    • Tyrosinemia
    • रक्तवर्णकता
    • Wilson’s disease
    • Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
    • पुटीय तंतुशोथ
  • Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), associated with:
    • मधुमेह
    • मोटापा
    • दिल की बीमारी
    • High blood triglycerides
    • Steroid use
  • Bile duct blockages, associated with:
    • सिरोसिस
    • जन्मजात दोष
    • Scarred ducts—sometimes related to inflammatory bowel disorders
    • Gallbladder surgery
    • अग्नाशयशोथ
  • Drugs and toxins:
    • हरताल
    • Isoniazid
    • methotrexate
    • Excess vitamin A
  • Infections:
    • Schistosomiasis
    • ब्रूसिलोसिस
    • Echinococcosis
    • Advanced or congenital syphilis
  • Heart failure, causing blood to repeatedly back up into the liver

जोखिम कारक

एक जोखिम कारक एक ऐसी चीज है जो आपके किसी बीमारी या स्थिति के होने की संभावना को बढ़ा देता है। जोखिम कारकों में शामिल हैं:

  • शराब का दुरुपयोग
  • Hepatitis infection
  • Use of drugs toxic to the liver
  • Being overweight or gaining weight
  • Diabetes that is poorly controlled
  • Ingestion of too much iron

लक्षण

Cirrhosis often does not cause symptoms early in the disease process. Symptoms start when the liver begins to fail, as scar tissue replaces healthy cells. Symptom severity depends on the extent of liver damage.

Early symptoms include:

  • थकान
  • अपर्याप्त भूख
  • Abdominal swelling, tenderness, and pain
  • Nausea
  • वजन घटना
  • कमजोरी
  • Enlarged breasts in men

Later symptoms, some due to complications, include:

  • Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
  • Reddened palms
  • Loss of body hair
  • Shrunken testicles
  • बढ़ा हुआ जिगर
  • बढ़ी हुई प्लीहा
  • Appearance of thin, purplish-red, spidery looking blood vessels on the skin, especially around the navel
  • Dark urine
  • Water retention and swelling in the legs and abdomen
  • खून बहना और चोट लगना
  • खून की उल्टी होना
  • खुजली
  • Menstrual problems
  • Abdominal infections
  • नपुंसकता
  • Forgetfulness
  • भ्रम
  • घबराहट
  • झटके
  • Coma
  • Inability to fully process drugs
  • Enlarged, twisted, thin-walled blood vessels called varices that bleed easily and sometimes catastrophically (usually located in the esophagus)
  • यकृत कैंसर
  • ऑस्टियोपोरोसिस
  • पित्ताशय की पथरी
  • अतालता
  • Sleep disturbances
  • अल्सर
  • साँस की परेशानी
  • इंसुलिन प्रतिरोध

निदान

डॉक्टर आपके लक्षणों और चिकित्सा के इतिहास के बारे में पूछेंगे और एक शारीरिक परीक्षा करेंगे।

परीक्षण में शामिल हो सकते हैं:

  • Blood tests—to assess how well the liver is working and determine a cause
  • CT scan, ultrasound, or liver/spleen scan—to identify changes in the liver
  • Liver biopsy—analyzing a sample of liver tissue removed via a thin needle inserted through the abdomen and into the liver
  • Laparoscopy—looking at the liver via a thin tube with a lighted tip inserted through a small incision near the belly button

अन्य परीक्षणों में शामिल हो सकते हैं:

  • Inserting a catheter into the liver vein and measuring the pressure within that vein; rarely necessary
  • Removing fluid from the abdomen and examining it
  • Other tests to determine what caused the cirrhosis and what complications may occur

उपचार

There is no cure for cirrhosis. The goals of treatment are to keep the condition from getting worse, including:

  • Control the cause
  • Treat underlying medical conditions
  • Prevent additional damage
  • Treat symptoms and complications
  • Liver cancer screenings

उपचार में शामिल हैं:

दवा

Doctors prescribe drugs to:

  • Treat hepatitis and complications that arise
  • Reduce the absorption of waste products and toxins in the digestive system
  • Reduce the risk of a blood vessel breaking
  • Fight infections
  • Shed excess fluids

सर्जरी

Liver transplant—may be done if:

  • Complications can no longer be controlled using medical therapy
  • The liver stops functioning

Endoscopy—This is used to tie off bleeding blood vessels (varices) or to inject drugs to cause clotting. A thin tool with a lighted tip is inserted down the throat to help the doctor see and access the varices, which are located in the esophagus.

खुद की देखभाल

  • Stop drinking alcohol completely.
  • Do not take any medicines without your doctor’s approval, including over-the-counter drugs.
  • Eat a balanced diet. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables, as well as lean proteins, like beans and poultry.
  • If your liver disease is more advanced, you may need to limit protein intake, because your weakened liver will not be able to process it properly.
  • You may need to limit salt in your diet, because it increases water retention.
  • Take any vitamin supplements your doctor recommends.
  • Put your feet and legs up to decrease swelling.
  • Due to increased risk of infections, doctors recommend:
    • Getting vaccines for flu, pneumonia, and hepatitis
    • Avoiding raw seafood
    • Avoiding people who are sick with communicable diseases, like the flu or common cold
    • Washing your hands often

If you are diagnosed with cirrhosis, follow your doctor’s instructions.

रोकथाम

To decrease the risk of cirrhosis:

  • Drink alcohol in moderation. Moderate alcohol intake is no more than two drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women.
  • Get hepatitis vaccines.
  • Practice safe sex to lower your chance of getting hepatitis B.
  • If you use IV drugs, do not share needles, which can spread hepatitis B, C, or D.
  • स्वस्थ वजन बनाए रखें.
  • Follow your doctor’s recommendations about blood tests when taking medications that may damage the liver.
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