সংজ্ঞা
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease. COPD makes it difficult to move air in and out of the lungs. It will make breathing difficult. COPD includes:
- Emphysema—air sacs of lungs are damaged
- Chronic bronchitis—airways of lungs are damaged
The changes to lung tissue differ with the two diseases. However, they often occur together. The causes and treatment of each condition are similar.
কারণসমূহ
COPD is caused by damage to the lungs. This damage is caused by:
- সিগারেট ধূমপান
- টক্সিন বা অন্যান্য বিরক্তিকর শ্বাস নেওয়া
- Genetic predisposition that makes the lungs more vulnerable to damage from smoke or pollutants (includes alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency)
ঝুঁকির কারণ
Factors that increase your chance of developing COPD include:
- ধূমপান করছে
- Long-term exposure to second-hand or passive smoke
- COPD সহ পরিবারের সদস্যরা
- Exposure to pollutants
- ঘন ঘন শৈশব ফুসফুসের সংক্রমণের ইতিহাস
- Age: 40 years or older
লক্ষণ
Early symptoms of COPD include:
- কাশি
- Increased sputum production (mucus from deep in the lungs)
- ঘ্রাণ
- কার্যকলাপ সহ শ্বাসকষ্ট
As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
- Increased shortness of breath
- Choking sensation when lying flat
- ক্লান্তি
- মনোযোগ দিতে সমস্যা
- হৃদপিণ্ডজনিত সমস্যা
- ওজন কমানো
- Breathing through pursed lips
- Desire to lean forward to improve breathing
- More frequent flare-ups (periods of more severe symptoms)
রোগ নির্ণয়
আপনার ডাক্তার আপনার লক্ষণ এবং চিকিৎসা ইতিহাস সম্পর্কে জিজ্ঞাসা করবে। একটি শারীরিক পরীক্ষা সম্পন্ন করা হবে।
Your doctor will need to test how impaired your lungs are. This may be done with:
- Lung function tests (spirometry)—to test the force of your breath
- Blood test—to test oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Your doctor may also need detailed pictures of your lungs. This may be done with:
- বুকের এক্স - রে
- সিটি স্ক্যান
চিকিৎসা
There is no cure for COPD. Treatment aims to ease symptoms and improve quality of life.
চিকিত্সা অন্তর্ভুক্ত:
Smoking Cessation
Quitting smoking slows the disease. It is the most important part of treatment. There are many programs to help you quit, including:
- Behavior change program
- ঔষধ
- Combination of behavior program and medication
Environmental Management
Limit the number of irritants in the air you breathe. It may help make breathing easier. Avoid smoke, dust, smog, extreme heat or cold, and high altitudes.
ঔষধ
Medication for COPD may help by:
- শ্বাসনালী খোলা
- শ্বাস প্রশ্বাসের প্যাসেজ শিথিল করা
- প্রদাহ হ্রাস
- Treating lung infections (antibiotics)
Some medication may be taken as pills or liquids. Others are inhaled medications that are delivered directly to the lungs.
টিকা
The flu and pneumonia can make your symptoms worse. Get vaccinated againstpneumonia and the flu. The flu vaccine may also reduce COPD flare-ups.
অক্সিজেন
Oxygen therapy may be helpful if the oxygen levels in your blood are too low. It can relieve trouble breathing and improve energy. You may only need it for specific activities. It could also be given throughout the day.
ব্যায়াম
বিশেষ ব্যায়াম বুকের পেশী শক্তিশালী করতে পারে। এটি শ্বাস নেওয়া সহজ করতে পারে।
Regular physical activity can reduce the workload on your lungs. It helps build their endurance. Physical activity is also associated with improved quality of life. Follow your doctor’s recommendations for activity levels and restrictions.
শ্বাস এবং কাশি কৌশল
Special methods of breathing can help bring more air into your lungs. It can also help force trapped air out of your lungs. Effective coughing techniques can help clear mucus from your lungs. Ask your doctor if these techniques can help you. Some examples include:
- Pursed-lip breathing
- নিয়ন্ত্রিত কাশি কৌশল
পুষ্টি
Eating habits to consider with COPD:
- Eat a healthy diet. It should be low in saturated fat. It should also be rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods.
- Maintain a normal weight. Excess weight causes the lungs and heart to work harder.
- It may be hard to eat because you feel full. Try eating several smaller meals during the day. This is better than a few large meals.
- Slow down your eating pace. This will make it easier to breathe.
- If you need to gain weight, add food or drinks throughout the day. Talk to a dietitian about how many calories you need each day.
জীবনধারা পরিবর্তন
The following may help you manage COPD symptoms and avoid flare-ups:
- আপনার কার্যকলাপ গতি.
- মানসিক চাপ পরিচালনা করার জন্য শিথিলকরণ কৌশল এবং অন্যান্য পদ্ধতি শিখুন।
- Seek emotional support from professionals, family, and friends. Anxiety can increase the rate of respiration. This makes breathing more strenuous.
সার্জারি
A small number of patients may benefit from surgery. Surgery options include removing a part of the lung. You could also have a lung transplant.
প্রতিরোধ
Take these steps to reduce your chance of developing COPD:
- আপনি যদি ধূমপান করেন তবে ছেড়ে দিন।
- সেকেন্ড-হ্যান্ড ধোঁয়ার এক্সপোজার এড়িয়ে চলুন।
- বায়ু দূষণ বা বিরক্তিকর এক্সপোজার এড়িয়ে চলুন।
- কর্মক্ষেত্রে বিরক্তিকর বা বিষাক্ত পদার্থের সংস্পর্শে এলে প্রতিরক্ষামূলক গিয়ার পরুন।