تعريف

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. It affects the small airways and air sacs in the lungs.

التهاب رئوي

Pneumonias are sometimes described by where and how you were infected, for example:

  • Community-acquired pneumonia—acquired in the community (at school, work, gym)
  • Nosocomial pneumonia—acquired in a hospital
  • Aspiration pneumonia—happens when a foreign matter is inhaled (commonly happens while throwing up stomach contents)

أسباب

Pneumonia may be caused by:

  • بكتيريا
  • Virus—flu virus is common cause
  • Other specific germs Atypical pneumonia
  • Fungus—common in people with immuncompromised conditions like AIDS

Pneumonia1

طموح

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عوامل الخطر

Factors that increase your chance of pneumonia include:

  • Age: Infants, young children, and older adults
  • Living in crowded living conditions (such as dormitories or nursing homes)
  • التدخين
  • Alcohol or drug abuse
  • Trouble swallowing or coughing
  • Having certain lung conditions:
    • الربو
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • تليّف كيسي
    • Being on a ventilator
  • مرض قلبي
  • مرض السكري
  • Weakened immune system
  • سوء التغذية
  • Chronic exposure to certain chemicals (such as work in construction or agriculture)

الأعراض

Symptoms of pneumonia may include some or all of the following:

  • سعال
  • Increased phlegm production
  • حمى وقشعريرة
  • صعوبة في التنفس
  • ألم في الصدر
  • ضعف

التشخيص

سوف يسألك طبيبك عن أعراضك وتاريخك الطبي. اختبار فيزياء سوف يتم. للبحث عن عدوى أو أسباب محددة للعدوى، قد يطلب طبيبك ما يلي:

  • تحاليل الدم
  • اختبارات البول
  • ثقافات الدم
  • Sputum test—exam of phlegm

Your doctor may also need to take detailed pictures of your lungs. This is done with achest x-ray.

Pneumonia can cause problems with breathing. This may make it difficult for you to get enough oxygen. To measure the level of oxygen in your blood your doctor may do the following tests:

  • قياس التأكسج النبضي
  • غازات الدم الشرياني

العلاج

Treatment of pneumonia depends on:

  • What caused the pneumonia
  • شدة الأعراض
  • Other factors, like your overall health

People with severe pneumonia may need to be hospitalized.

الأدوية

Common treatment approaches include:

  • Antibiotics—for pneumonia caused by bacteria
    • ملحوظة: Antibiotics are ineffective for treating viral pneumonia.
  • Antiviral medications—for pneumonia caused by a virus in young children and people with weakened immune systems

It is very important to take the medication as prescribed. Stopping medication early may cause a relapse. It may also create a strain of drug-resistant bacteria. An infection with a drug-resistant bacteria can be more severe and harder to cure.

رعاية منزلية

These steps will help you stay strong while you recover:

  • Get plenty of rest and drink lots of fluids
  • Eat a healthy diet. It should include lots of fruits and vegetables.
  • If you do not get enough vitamin C in your diet, ask your doctor about a supplement. This may be beneficial for some.
  • Take over-the-counter medication to reduce fever and aches.

الوقاية

Certain vaccines may prevent pneumonia:

  • Flu shot—pneumonia may be a complication of the flu for people at high risk, particularly the elderly
  • Pneumococcal vaccine—General recommendations for this vaccine include:
    • PCV vaccine series for children
    • PPSV for adults aged 65 years and older and for younger people who have a high risk of infection
  • Haemophilus influenzae vaccine—to protect against a bacteria that can cause pneumonia or meningitis, recommeded for
    • Children in the United States who are younger than 5 years old
    • Often is given to infants starting at 2 months of age

Other preventive measures include:

  • Avoid smoking. Smoke weakens the lungs’ resistance to infection.
  • Avoid close contact with people who have the cold or flu.
  • Wash your hands often.
  • Protect yourself on jobs that include chemicals or other lung irritants.
  • Eat a healthy diet. If you do not get enough vitamin C or zinc in your diet, ask your doctor if you should take these supplements.
  • Get adequate rest.
  • اتمرن بانتظام.
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